Plastic Currency Notes - Reserve Bank of INDIA

Reserve Bank of India (RBIpublished Rupees10 polymer notes recently. The note is made of polymers (plastic) in the place of normal cotton notes. Yes the notes we use today are made of pure cotton not paper.

The plastic notes have the life spam of 5 years which is 5 times greater than normal notes. It doesn't get dirty. RBI destroys thousands of currency notes every day.

Why the gold smiths add material to the gold to make ornaments

The pure gold is not useful for doing the ornaments, the pure gold is so delicate. They add materials of silver, copper, Nickel, Zinc to bring strength to the puregold.

Reasons for adding:

Why Silver:

As the proportion of silver increases, gold changes in colour from yellow to greenish-yellow, to white.

Why Copper:

As copper content increases, the gold becomes redder in appearance.

Why Nickel:

Nickel has the effect of whitening gold.

Why Zinc:

Zinc is considered a decolorizer, and is used to convert some red golds (copper alloys) into a more yellowish tone by substitution of zinc for some of the copper and silver.

How to Calculate Carats of purity in Gold

Carat is the measure of purity of gold. In the carat system pure gold is expressed as 24 Carat fine (24K). Pure gold in commercial practice is 99.5 to fine, however, it is normally considered as 100%.

The most popular jewelry golds in the United States are:

• 24K (99.95% gold)
• 18K (75% gold)
• 14K (58.33% gold)
• 10K (41.67% gold)

 

How to Calculate Carats in Gold?

Carat   =  24  X  (G/M)

where	G	=	Mass of gold in the material
	M	=	Mass of the material

let us take an example, 300 gm of gold chain contains only 200 gm of gold material and the remaining 50gm is other materials (Silver, Copper, Nickel, Zinc)

So it's 18K gold

Carat (K)	=	24	X	(200/300)
	=	18
	=	18 K

List of Navaratnas CPSEs

At present, there are 18 Navratna CPSEs.

1. Bharat Electronics Limited
2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
4. Coal India Limited
5. GAIL (India) Limited
6. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
7. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
8. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
9. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
10. National Aluminium Company Limited
11. NMDC Limited
12. NTPC Limited
13. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
14. Power Finance Corporation Limited
15. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
16. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
17. Shipping Corporation of India Limited
18. Steel Authority of India Limited

Background of Maharatna Scheme to CPSEs

The Government had introduced the Navratna scheme, in 1977, to identify Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) that had comparative advantages and to support them in their drive to become global giants.

The Boards of Navratna CPSEs have been delegated powers in the areas of

1. capital expenditure
2. Investment in joint ventures / subsidiaries
3. Mergers & Acquisitions
4. Human Resources Management...etc.

At present, there are 18 Navratna CPSEs.

The current criteria for grant of Navratna status are size neutral. Over the years, some of the Navratna companies have grown very big and have considerably larger operations than their peers.

It was felt that these CPSEs which are at the higher end of the Navratna category and have potential to become Indian Multinational Companies (MNCs), can be recognized as a separate class, i.e. ‘Maharatna’. The proposed higher category will act as an incentive for other Navratna companies, provide brand value and facilitate delegation of enhanced powers to CPSEs.

Is any additional expenditure on the part of the Government for giving Maharatna Status?

The introduction of the Maharatna scheme will not entail any additional expenditure on the part of the Government.

Main objective of the Maharatna Status to the CPSEs

The main objective of the Maharatna Scheme is to empower mega CPSEs to expand their operations and emerge as global giants.